Mental Health & AI Field Guide
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References

4 sections
Chapter 1
  1. Pooja Kumar, Tania Holt, Yenli Wong, and Marilyn Kimeu, Heartbeat of health: Reimagining the healthcare workforce of the future, McKinsey Health Institute, May 14, 2025.
Chapter 2

Glossary

  1. Model behavioral health crisis services definitions: Working draft, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), November 2024.
  2. Evidence-based practice in psychology, American Psychological Association, 2008.
  3. “Peer support workers for those in recovery,” SAMHSA, updated November 5, 2024.
  4. Daisy R. Singla et al., “Psychological treatments for the world: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, November 2017, Volume 13.
  5. Angela J. Dawson et al., “Task shifting and sharing in maternal and reproductive health in low-income countries: A narrative synthesis of current evidence,” Health Policy and Planning, May 2014, Volume 29, Number 3.
  6. Sunny C. Okoroafor and Christmal Dela Christmals, “Task shifting and task sharing implementation in Africa: A scoping review on rationale and scope,” Healthcare, April 2023, Volume 11, Number 8.
  7. Simon Lewin et al. “Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, March 2010, Number 3.

Chapter 2: References

  1. John J. McGrath et al., “Age of onset and cumulative risk of mental disorders: A cross-national analysis of population surveys from 29 countries,” Lancet Psychiatry, September 2023, Volume 10, Number 9.
  2. Mental health atlas 2020, World Health Organization (WHO), October 8, 2019.
  3. Fiona Charlson et al., “New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Lancet, July 2019, Volume 394, Number 10194.
  4. Francesca Mongelli, Penelope Georgakopoulos, and Michele T. Pato, “Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States,” Focus, January 2020, Volume 18, Number 1.
  5. Kathleen C. Thomas et al., “County-level estimates of mental health professional shortage in the United States,” Psychiatric Services, October 2009, Volume 60, Number 10.
  6. Angela J. Dawson et al., “Task shifting and sharing in maternal and reproductive health in low-income countries: A narrative synthesis of current evidence,” Health Policy and Planning, May 2014, Volume 29, Number 3.
  7. Sunny C. Okoroafor and Christmal Dela Christmals, “Task shifting and task sharing implementation in Africa: A scoping review on rationale and scope,” Healthcare, April 2023, Volume 11, Number 8.
  8. Rohina Joshi et al., “Task shifting for non-communicable disease management in low and middle income countries – A systematic review,” PLoS One, August 2014, Volume 9, Number 8.
  9. Klaus W. Lange, “Task sharing in psychotherapy as a viable global mental health approach in resource-poor countries and also in high-resource settings,” Global Health Journal, September 2021, Volume 5, Number 3.
  10. Giuseppe Raviola et al., “Innovative models in mental health delivery systems: Task sharing care with non-specialist providers to close the mental health treatment gap,” Current Psychiatry Reports, April 2019, Volume 21, Number 6.
  11. Susan Horton et al., “Ranking 93 health interventions for low- and middle-income countries by cost-effectiveness,” PLoS One, August 2017, Volume 12, Number 8.
  12. Dan Chisholm et al., “Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: A global return on investment analysis,” Lancet Psychiatry, May 2016, Volume 3, Number 5.
  13. Nadja van Ginneken et al., “Non-specialist health worker interventions for the care of mental, neurological and substance-abuse disorders in low- and middle-income countries,” Cochrane Database Systemic Reviews, November 2013, Number 11.
  14. John A Naslund, Rahul Shidhaye, and Vikram Patel, “Digital technology for building capacity of nonspecialist health workers for task sharing and scaling up mental health care globally,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry, May 2019, Volume 27, Number 3.
  15. Saju Madavanakadu Devassy, Lorane Scaria, and Natania Cheguvera, “Task sharing and stepped referral model for community mental health promotion in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC): Insights from a feasibility study in India,” Pilot and Feasibility Studies, August 2022, Volume 8, Number 1.
  16. Daisy R. Singla et al., “Psychological treatments for the world: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, November 2017, Volume 13.
  17. Cole Styker and Eda Kavlakoglu, “What is artificial intelligence (AI)?,” IBM, accessed April 9, 2025.
  18. “What is artificial intelligence?,” NASA, accessed April 9, 2025.
  19. Tom M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill, 2017.
  20. Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton, “Deep learning,” Nature, May 2015, Volume 521, Number 7553.
  21. Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin, Speech and language processing (third Edition draft), Stanford University, updated January 12, 2025.
  22. “Neuroscience: Natural language processing - an overview,” ScienceDirect, accessed April 9, 2025.
  23. “What are large language models (LLMs)?,” Microsoft, accessed April 9, 2025.
Chapter 3
  1. mhGAP operations manual: Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), WHO, January 8, 2018.
  2. John A Naslund, Rahul Shidhaye, and Vikram Patel, “Digital technology for building capacity of nonspecialist health workers for task sharing and scaling up mental health care globally,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry, May 2019, Volume 27, Number 3.
  3. Kelly McBride and Aine Travers, Integrated model for supervision for mental health and psychosocial support, a joint report from the International Federation of Red Cross, Red Crescent Societies Reference Centre for Psychosocial Support, and Trinity College Dublin, November 2021.
  4. Psychological interventions implementation manual: Integrating evidence-based psychological interventions into existing services, WHO, March 6, 2024.
  5. Vikram Patel, “Scaling up task sharing psychological interventions,” Lancet, January 2022, Volume 399, Number 10326.
  6. “Grey literature: What it is & how to find it,” Simon Fraser University Library, updated December 5, 2024.
  7. Saloni Dev, Mental health for all: Enhancing implementation of mental health task sharing globally, Northeastern University, July 2021.
  8. Khalaeng Frans Thobane et al., “Enablers and barriers for task sharing of mental health care from nurses to community health workers: A scoping review,” International Journal of African Nursing Sciences, 2024, Volume 20.
  9. PhuongThao D. Le et al., “Barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-based task sharing mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review using implementation science frameworks,” Implementation Sciences, 2022, Volume 17, Number 4.
  10. Giuseppe Raviola et al., “Innovative models in mental health delivery systems: Task sharing care with non-specialist providers to close the mental health treatment gap,” Current Psychiatry Reports, April 2019, Volume 21, Number 6.
  11. Paul Bolton et al., “Expanding mental health services in low- and middle-income countries: A task-shifting framework for delivery of comprehensive, collaborative, and community-based care,” Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, February 2023, Volume 10.
  12. Global competency and outcomes framework for universal health coverage, WHO, April 3, 2022. 
  13. Chiara Berardi et al., “Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of digital technologies in mental health systems: A qualitative systematic review to inform a policy framework,” BMC Health Services Research, 2024, Volume 24, Number 243.
  14. "Successful Therapy Termination," Therapist Aid, accessed May 22, 2025.
  15. John A. Naslund et al., “Digital innovations for global mental health: Opportunities for data science, task sharing, and early intervention,” Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, September 2019, Volume 6, Number 4.
  16. Clare Stevens et al., Helpers in plain sight: A guide to implementing mental health task sharing in community-based organizations, RAND, May 4, 2020.
  17. Christopher G. Kemp et al., “Supervision of task-shared mental health care in low-resource settings: A commentary on programmatic experience,” Global Health: Science and Practices, June 2019, Volume 7, Number 2.
  18. The Trevor Project website.
  19. “AI for social impact: Google.org and the Trevor Project,” Engage for Good, accessed May 12, 2025.
  20. Igor Bonifacic, “The Trevor Project has a new AI persona for LGBTQ crisis counseling,” Engadget, December 8, 2021.
  21. Partnership to End Addiction website.
  22. Laiken Neumann, “‘There’s so many ways this could go wrong’: Should you be scared of AI? Experts say absolutely,” The Daily Dot, March 15, 2025.
  23. “About Kids Help Phone,” Kids Help Phone,” accessed May 12, 2025.
  24. “Kids Help Phone and the Vector Institute announce important partnership for enhanced human-centric innovations for youth e-mental health services from coast to coast to coast,” Kids Help Phone, accessed May 12, 2025.
Chapter 4

Sections 1-4